From field to fork

Exploring the tradition and debates around game bird shooting

yellow, red, and black bird on ground

Photo by Michael Hoyt on Unsplash

Photo by Michael Hoyt on Unsplash

Calls for stricter regulation, or even an outright ban, on game bird shooting in the UK have recently grown louder.

Rooted in centuries old tradition, the sport began as a modest pastime enjoyed by the country elite.

Over time, it has evolved into a large scale industry with profound economic, environmental, and social impacts.

At its heart lies a contentious issue: the breeding and rearing of animals solely for sport.

Petitions - UK Government and Parliament

Petitions - UK Government and Parliament

Critics denounce the practice as an unjustifiable exploitation of animals, while industry supporters counter that such views ignore the broader realities of global farming and emphasise that the birds enjoy a significantly better quality of life than some farmed animals.

Debates over game bird shooting laws often expose divisions within government parties.

The current Labour government has been relatively reserved about its broader stance on shooting, its "Change" manifesto proposed policies that could significantly impact the shooting community, including full cost recovery for firearms licensing and a ban on snare traps.

Green Party manifesto: “The Green Party is fundamentally opposed to all blood sports and would campaign to introduce a ban on all hunting in the first year of a new parliament.“

Reform UK’s manifesto: “Protect Country Sports. These increase investment and help conservation of our environment. They boost rural jobs, communities and local economies.”

Ultimately, whether game bird shooting is seen as a tool for conservation, a healthier dietary option, or a morally troubling tradition depends largely on personal perspective.

“Our peaceful village is turned into a war zone.”

Cambrian News

Traditional shooting format

Driven

Driven shooting is a formal and organised hunting method where a team of beaters flush birds from their cover towards a strategically positioned line of shooters, with trained dogs and pickers-up assisting in retrieving the game.

two people standing on green field surrounded with green trees during daytime

Image courtesy of Ben Bailey

Image courtesy of Ben Bailey

Walk-up

Walked-up shooting involves hunters walking in a line through the countryside with their dogs, shooting and retrieving the birds as they progress.

Timeline of tradition

16th century

Game bird shooting in Great Britain can be traced back to the 16th century, when it was practiced on a small scale, typically in walk up format.

Early 19th century

By the 1820s, driven shooting became a common practice on estates, with large-scale rearing and shooting of birds becoming the norm. The introduction of the Game Act of 1831 further formalised the sport by establishing official shooting seasons.

Mid-late 19th century

The development of the breech-loading shotgun in the mid-19th century revolutionised the sport, allowing hunters to kill more birds in a short period of time. This technological advancement led to the rise of driven shooting as the dominant form of game bird shooting.

20th century

In the 20th century, game bird shooting became a common social activity, with King Edward VII dominating the sport through his annual visits to prestigious estates.

WW1 + 2

Shooting largely continued during the First World War but was halted by the outbreak of the Second World War, with sporting shoots ceasing on nearly all estates for the war’s duration.

Now

Today, most driven pheasant shoots in the UK operate commercially, catering to paying guns, both private and corporate.

“It would be a great shame if shooting was to be lost in this country”

Harvey Algar, Beater and Gamekeeper

James Bird - Gamekeeper

Harvey Algar - Discussing the fortnightly syndicate shoot

“It is a force for good for the countryside, conservation, people and wildlife.” - BASC

A spokesperson from the UK’s largest shooting organisation, the British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC), said: “Shooting is a key component of the rural economy and goes hand-in-hand with the conservation of the countryside, as well as bringing both mental and physical health benefits to participants and providing a healthy and sustainable food source.

“In addition, the ‘Value of Shooting’ report showed that three in four people who take part in shooting say it is important to them and their personal wellbeing, with most claiming shooting specifically contributes positively to their physical and mental health.”

Shooting is not about ‘one for the pot’, it’s where factory farming meets bloodsports.”

Iain Green, Director of Animal Aid

Image courtesy of Ben Bailey

Image courtesy of Ben Bailey

Iain Green, Director of Animal Aid, said: “All this cruelty and waste is just to enable wealthy shooters to use live birds as feathered targets.

“Shooting is about killing live animals for pleasure, not providing food for the table.”

Animal Aid have investigated the shooting industry for many years, Iain said: “We have filmed inside the vast industrial farms that imprison the breeding birds used to produce the next shooting season’s victims.

“Our website documents the appalling conditions that these poor birds have to endure, their confinement in metal cages makes them so desperate and stressed that they attack one another and injure themselves trying to escape.

“No bird wants to be caged and it speaks volumes that the shooting industry finds it acceptable to treat birds in this way.

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Legal restrictions

While game bird shooting is legal in the UK, there are strict guidelines and laws in place

Each bird species has a designated shooting season, with hunting outside these specified months strictly prohibited.

Hunting on land without written permission from the owner, on Sundays or at night is illegal.

Using firearms without a valid gun licence is illegal, and obtaining a licence requires meeting strict criteria and applying though local authorities.

Environment

Estates involved in the sport manage over 200 million hectares of land across the UK, an area roughly equivalent to 300 million football pitches.

The management of this countryside, includes controlled heather burning, predator control, planting of cover crops and woodland copse, which help to preserve vital habitats.

In fact, the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT) has found that pheasant releasing can have “benign or positive” impacts on woodland ecosystems, including changes in vegetation structure and bird communities. 

Their research highlights that certain management practices for pheasants, such as reducing canopy cover, promote vegetation growth, creating favourable conditions for some woodland bird species and even enhancing biodiversity.

However, not everyone agrees with the environmental benefits of game bird shooting.

Conservationists argue that the release of millions of non-native birds each year disrupts local ecosystems and puts unnatural pressure on native species as they have to compete for resources.

A recent study revealed that the biomass of introduced pheasants in the UK exceeds that of all native wild bird species combined.

Additionally, there are concerns about the impact of lead shot due to its potential to poison wildfowl and contaminate soil and water ways.

The GWCT has addressed the issue by promoting soft steel shot as an alternative and addressing concerns about single-use plastic cartridges.

Harvey Algar, Beater and Gamekeeper

Harvey Algar, Beater and Gamekeeper

The density of Pheasants released in 2018

Data from: Animal and Plant Health Agency

North Yorkshire - 2,645,295

Devonshire - 1,539,312

Cambridgeshire - 1,280,095

Norfolk - 1,127,320

A spokesperson from the League Against Cruel Sports, said: “Up to 61 million, non-native, pheasants and red-legged partridges are released into the British countryside every year, which presents a really big environmental problem.”

The animal welfare charity are “concerned about the vast number of animals being bred in factory farm conditions” and are opposed to the large scale game bird release “so people can simply shoot them for sport”.

League Against Cruel Sport Instagram post

The charity said: “One of the most damaging things associated with the shooting industry is what they’re doing for native wild life in terms of trapping and snaring.

“Any creatures deemed a threat to their stocks of birds are killed by gamekeepers.

“They often use snares, which catch and kill not just the intended target but any animal or household pet that is unfortunate enough to wander into the trap.

“These traps have been banned in Scotland and they were banned in Wales last year. 

“We are calling for them to be banned in England too .”

Harvey Algar Instagram post

Harvey Algar Instagram post

Harvey Algar said: “When we first get the pheasants they are small, so obviously it would be unfair if we put them all into a woodland with no protection.

“That is unethical.

“The birds don’t know how to roost yet, so we do take safety and security into our own hands, but we don’t take out the predators.”

He explained the use of low level electric fencing to deter foxes and flashing cones to stop tawny owls from swooping on their young pheasants.

Harvey said: “We are not removing wildlife from the area, we are just stopping the pheasants from being picked off every day.”

“They're in the release pens for the first four weeks, then they're out in the world, eating all the wild seeds and food” - James Bird

“They're in the release pens for the first four weeks, then they're out in the world, eating all the wild seeds and food” - James Bird

“They have had a nice life” - James Bird

“They have had a nice life” - James Bird

“Up goes a guinea, bang goes a penny halfpenny, and down comes half-a-crown,”

Field sports

Economy

Game bird shooting alone is a multi-billion pound industry, contributing an estimated £2 billion to £2.5 billion annually.

This includes not just revenue from shooting itself, but also from the associated spending on equipment, ammunition, and hospitality services.

The BASC said: “The facts speak for themselves.“

A new report, commissioned in 2024, by the association and partner organisations found that the whole shooting industry “is worth £3.3 billion to the UK economy every year and that shooting providers and volunteers carry out £500 million worth of conservation work”.

BASC said: “This is equivalent to 26,000 full-time jobs and 14 million workdays each year.”

Conservation efforts also see substantial benefits, with the game bird industry reportedly investing over £250 million annually in maintaining habitats and protecting wildlife.

On a more personal level, game shooting represents not only a livelihood for some but also a passion deeply rooted in care for the birds and a genuine desire to ensure the best outcomes for the season ahead.

James Bird, Gamekeeper

James Bird, Gamekeeper

“Every bird is taken, nothing goes to waste on the shoot and that is an important ethic. Everyone takes them, goes home and cooks them. Thats the way it should be.”

Harvey Algar, Beater and Gamekeeper

James bird said: “On a shoot day we usually have five pickers up and their biggest job is to make sure they pick up every single bird, whether it's been injured, which does happen occasionally, that is their first priority.

“It is their paramount job and that's what the pickers up are paid to do.”

He explained that at the end of a shoot day they are collected by a butcher and “go into local restaurants, pubs and shops”.

Nutrition + availability

Packed with lean protein and rich in iron, game birds like pheasants and partridge provide a healthy, flavoursome, and affordable alternative to intensively farmed meats.

Additionally, choosing local produce significantly reduces the carbon footprint associated with food transportation, making it a more environmentally friendly option.